Zumaia flysch cliffs

Sakoneta, Flysch de Zumaia, spectacular sea cliffs, rock beach, brooding sky, scuttling crabs.

This is one of most amazing geological formations I’ve ever seen. These vertical layers run for 8 kilometres along the Basque coast, each a rock page, forming a book covering 60 million years of planet’s history. Created when Iberia crashed into Europe and things went all squishy.

(I also learnt here crab in Basque is karramarro).

1482 map of Spain

1482 map of Hispania

1482 map of Hispania, the kingdoms of Granada and Navarre still hanging on. Castile and Aragón including the Principality of Catalonia still separate entities for another 125 years, latter including Roussillon. The geography was based on the work of the 2nd Century CE work by Ptolemy.